Psychometric properties of the sexual machismo scale (EMS-SEXISMO-12) in adults
Abstract
Introduction: Machismo is explained as the system of beliefs, attitudes and behaviors based on the polarization of the sexes and the superiority of the male gender. In the sexual sphere, it is the control that is exercised over a woman in relation to the expression of her sexuality under what is considered acceptable. Therefore, it is considered convenient to have instruments to measure this variable. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the psychometric characteristics of the sexual machismo scale (Ems-sexismo-12) in adults. Method: The methodology used was of an applied nature, with a non-experimental approach and instrumental design, applying the instrument to a sample made up of 530 adults (M=308 and F=222) aged between 18 and 65 years, obtained through non-probabilistic sampling by quotas of the districts of Piura. The content validity, confirmatory factor analysis (WLSMV estimator), internal consistency and reliability of the scale were evaluated. Results: The results showed content validity in the items (Aiken's V > .70). For its part, after the confirmatory factor analysis, a unidimensional structure was revealed with satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices (CFI = .96; TLI = .95; RMSEA = .08; SRMR = .06). Likewise, reliability is evidenced with acceptable values (ω = .83). Conclusion: The EMS-12 scale proved to be a valid and reliable instrument for adults.
Downloads
References
Álvarez, N., & Noreña , M. (2023). Psychometric Analysis of the Sexual Machism Scale (EMS-12) in Colombian Caribbean university students. Avances en Psicología, 31(1), e2760. https://doi.org/10.33539/avpsicol.2023.v31n1.2760
Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). A classification system for research designs in psychology. Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 29(3), 1038–1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Camacho, D. (2020). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Machismo Sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12) en una muestra del norte de México. Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología, 2(3), 424-429.
Castañeda, M. (2019). El machismo invisible. España: Editorial Debolsillo.
Campo-Arias, A., & Oviedo, H. C. (2008). Psychometric properties of a scale: internal consistency. Revista de salud pública, 10(5), 831-839.
Cho, G., Hwang, H., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, Ch. M. (2020). Cutoff criteria for overall model fit indexes in generalizedstructured component analysis. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 8, 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-020-00089-1
Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú (2018). Código de ética profesional. Perú: Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú.
Cianelli R, Villegas N, Lawson S, Ferrer L, Kaelber L, Peragallo N, & Yaya A. (2013). Unique factors that place older Hispanic women at risk for HIV: intimate partner violence, machismo, and marianismo. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 24(4):341-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2013.01.009
Díaz, C., Rosas, M. & Gonzales, M. (2010). Escala de machismo sexual (EMSSexismo-12). Summa Psicológica UST, 7(2), 35-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18774/448x.2010.7.121
Escobedo Portillo, María Teresa, Hernández Gómez, Jesús Andrés, Estebané Ortega, Virginia, & Martínez Moreno, Guillermina. (2016). Structural equation modeling: Features, phases, construction, implementation and results. Ciencia & trabajo, 18(55), 16-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-24492016000100004
Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods [Muestreo y Métodos de Muestreo]. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 215-217. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149
Fondo de la Población de las Naciones Unidas. (2020). Tracking women’s decision-making for sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/tracking-womens-decision-making-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-reproductive-rights
Glick, P. & Fiske, T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
Hernández-Sampieri, R. & Mendoza, C (2018). Metodología de la investigación: las rutas: cuantitativa y cualitativa y mixta. México: Mc Graw Hill- educación.
Herrera, D., Mamani, V., Arias, W.., & Rivera, R. (2019). Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Machismo Sexual en estudiantes universitarios peruanos y chilenos. Revista de psicología (Santiago), 28(2), 64-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2019.55806
Huamani, J., Ojeda, E., Arias, W., Ceballos, F. & Calizaya, J. (2023). Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Machismo Sexual (EMS-Sexismo-12) en estudiantes universitarios de Arequipa, Perú. Interacciones, 9, e301. https://dx.doi.org/10.24016/2023.v9.301
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (2022). Perú: Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar Endes 2022.
Instituto nacional de Estadística e Informática (25 de noviembre del 2023). El 35,6% de mujeres de entre 15 y 49 años ha sido víctima de violencia familiar en los últimos 12 meses [Nota de prensa]. https://m.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/noticias/nota-de-prensa-n-180-2023-inei.pdf
Instituto de estudio peruanos. (2023). Informe de Opinión – Edición especial por el Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la violencia contra la mujer. https://iep.org.pe/noticias/iep-informe-de-opinion-noviembre-2023-edicion-especial-25n/
Lai, K. (2020). Fit Difference Between Nonnested Models Given Categorical Data: Measures and Estimation. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1763802
Lopes, F, Gomes, L., Veloso, V., Najda de Medeiros., & Florencio A. (2020). Escala de Machismo Sexual. Evidências Psicométricas em Contexto Brasileiro. Avaliaçao Psicologica Interamerican Journal of Psychological Assessment. 19(4). 420-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2020.1904.15892.08
Lloret-Segura, Susana, Ferreres-Traver, Adoración, Hernández-Baeza, Ana, & Tomás-Marco, Inés. (2014). El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio de los Ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
Ministerio de la mujer y poblaciones vulnerables. (2024). Boletín estadístico febrero 2024. https://portalestadistico.aurora.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BV-Febrero-2024.pdf
Moya M, Expósito F. (2001). Nuevas formas, viejos intereses. Neosexismo en varones españoles. Psicothema. 13(4): 643-49.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2029). Masculinities and Health in the Region of the Americas. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51804
Sánchez, J. (2022). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de machismo sexual (EMS-Sexismo - 12) en jóvenes de Lima Metropolitana, 2022. [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad Cesar Vallejo]. Repositorio Institucional. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12692/109385
Silva, C. & Zavala A.( February 29, 2020). Sexual machism and Marianism in couple relations. A bibliographical review.[ Congreso]. IV International Congress of Research in Health Sciences and I International Seminar on Nutrition and Food Safety.Ambato, Ecuador. Medwave, 20(1), 3. http://doi.org/10.5867/Medwave.2020.S1.CS06
Universidad Cesar Vallejo. (2020). Código de ética en investigación de la Universidad Cesar Vallejo.
Whittaker, T. y Schumacker, R. (2022). A beginner’s guide to Structural Equation Modeling. (5th ed). Routledge Taylor y Francis Group
Xia, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Method, 51, 409 - 428. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1055-2
Copyright (c) 2024 Interacciones
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright and give the journal the right of the first publication and that they can edit it, reproduce it, distribute it, exhibit it and communicate it in the country and abroad through printed and digital media.
The digital version of the journal is registered under a Creative Commons license (Under Creative Commons License): Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Therefore, this work can be reproduced, distributed and publicly communicated in digital format, provided that the names of the authors and Interacciones.
Therefore, it is established that authors can make other independent and additional behavioural agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in this journal (eg, include it in institutional repositories or publish it in a book) as long as it is clearly indicated that the work was published for the first time in this journal.
